I'll list a number of issues that could affect your coverage of adolescence and adolescents, but let's start with two intertwined issues that are over-riding: Most coverage is negative and most is focused on youth problems. A typical story I read the other day was headlined "Report Cites Threats to Children in New Millennium," (there goes the hope that the next 1,000 years will be different), and proceeded to list the usual suspects, from poverty to absentee parents to inadequate schools, drug use, and teen pregnancy. But these are indeed real problems, so what is the harm in calling attention to the fact that they are still going to be with us? For starters, most youth don't experience most of those problems. Second, overall, and especially among particular groups of youth, we have seen some of the usual "youth" problems we list decrease significantly in the last 10 years or so. Many of these problems are not getting worse, they're getting better, but the average American likely does not know that. The media have given substantial coverage to the nationwide reduction in crime, although youth are not usually given much credit in contributing to that decline, except for the fact that there are fewer of them. But there are relatively few stories on what might be called, "what's right with American youth."The other problem with focusing on problems is that youth in general end up portrayed inaccurately, as out of control, selfish, alienated, even dangerous. Look at the saturation TV and newspaper coverage that we were once again subjected to in the last couple of days, as the tapes the Columbine High murderers made were clumsily released. This morning, a story in the Times got all the worst images of youth captured in one phrase when it blared "Student Killers' Tapes Filled With Rage.". Lately such stories usually have a line buried in there that says schools statistically are one of the safest places for kids, but what impression does the average reader or viewer likely walk away with? Raging student killers.
Fewer and fewer households actually contain any children or adolescents these days, and a greater and greater proportion of the population has only limited first-hand knowledge of young people. The result is that this kind of media coverage can play a greater role in shaping many adults' image of young people. This possibility is supported by findings from Search Institute's 1997 statewide poll of a representative sample of more than 900 Colorado adults: A majority of all adults felt media coverage of youth was overly negative, but 64% of adults who were more involved with youth thought so, compared with 54% who were less involved. Similar differences were found between women and men (women spend more time with youth), and between long-time residents (who presumably know their community better) and newcomers. Consistently, the more these adults knew youth in their community, the less accurate typical media coverage of youth seemed to be. These trends have serious effects when it comes to Americans taking responsibility for the well-being of young people. The research group Public Agenda reported in its national poll a couple of years ago that the more focus is given to huge, impossibly complex social problems among children and youth, the less the typical community resident feels able to do anything about the situation. So with that as prologue, here in no particular order is my list of some themes whose increased coverage might help bring about a more accurate balance in adults' understanding of young people, and that might, over time, even re-activate civic engagement with and action on behalf of youth.What's right with American youth.
A few examples: Since 1985-1990, greater proportions than ever before are graduating from high school, with African-American graduation rates nearly equal to whites (Latinos have not shared in this success, but among African-American youth, improvement in educational achievement is a success story); there is a smaller proportion who have ever had sexual intercourse, and among those who are, there is more consistent use of more effective contraception, with the result that there are lower rates of adolescent pregnancy among whites and especially among African-American youth; a majority of youth, who are supposedly self-centered and selfish, volunteer in their communities more than adults do-they seem hungry for the chance to contribute; large majorities of youth, who are supposedly alienated from their families, want more time with them, turn to their parents first for advice on things that really matter, and say they have to tell parents where they're going.Preventing problems among youth doesn't mean we're preparing them for success. Not many stories address the question, so what if all of these problems were prevented? Then what? Are young people then prepared to be and/or become productive workers, loving parents, happy and faithful spouses, and involved citizens? Overwhelming majorities of today's adolescents expect to attend college and have professional jobs, according to the 5-year Alfred P. Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development (Barbara Schneider, University of Chicago), but only a minority have an idea of how to effectively pursue those dreams. In a Gallup poll a few years ago, most young people said neither their school guidance counselors nor their parents had actually talked with them about education and their future. Social scientists Jim Connell and Larry Aber, writing for The Aspen Institute, concisely summarized what young people need to learn as learning to be productive, to connect, and to navigate. Instead of more stories on how many youth aren't doing these things, we could use more stories on how many youth are.The importance of building positives or assets in young people's lives. Our research at Search Institute with, collectively, more than one million 6th-12th graders over the last decade shows that the more of 40 "developmental assets" young people experience, the less high-risk behavior they engage in, and the more they thrive in positive ways. The developmental assets are grouped into eight categories: Support, Empowerment, Boundaries and Expectations, Constructive Use of Time, Commitment to Learning, Positive Values, Social Competencies, and Positive Identity. The differences between asset-rich and asset-poor youth are not just arithmetic, but geometric: For example, only 3% of youth with 31-40 of the assets engage in problem alcohol use (drinking 3 or more times in last 30 days, or binge drinking in last 2 weeks), but more than 50% of youth with just 0-10 assets have problems with alcohol use. These relationships hold across gender, age, racial/ethnic group, and place of residence. More stories on these assets helps counter the feeling that "nothing can be done."The movement to build healthy communities for kids. At least hundreds, maybe thousands of communities across country; are mobilizing to build positives in young people's lives (Search Institute in Minneapolis, and Public/Private Ventures in Philadelphia have more information and contacts). These movements are based on emphasizing the positives young people need, and on informal everyday acts of relationship among adults and youth even more than on formal programs: Adults getting to know the names of more youth in their neighborhood, and then smiling at and talking with them, inviting youth to help solve neighborhood problems and make a contribution, calling up parents to tell them about something their teenager has done right. In this growing number of communities, there are countless stories of the power of the positive asset development framework to overcome helplessness and get residents more involved in the lives of young people.It really does take a village. If we can get past the "village" rhetoric long enough to examine the research, we see evidence for the importance of two things that suggest it really does take a village: The connections among the adults in a young person's life, and the consistency of values and expectations communicated by adults. Writing in the early 1990s for the Carnegie Corporation of New York, researcher Richard Price and colleagues noted that how parents, teachers, clergy, neighbors in a child's life all know and communicate with each other, as the adults in that child's life, may be as important an influence as how each of those adults relates directly with a given child. Their relationships with each other seem to create a "web of influence" that protects young people from risk. Ralph Sampson and colleagues at the University of Chicago more recently looked at collective action in a different way: If neighbors say they are willing to do something when they see youth hanging out on the corner instead of being in school, that neighborhood has both a perceived and actual lower rate of crime. Other studies have shown that young people who hear the same messages from different adults in their lives, whether about postponing first sexual intercourse or about working hard at school, are more likely than others hearing "dissonant" values or expectations to actually achieve those goals. The relation among youth problems and youth successes. More stories showing the connections in kids' lives: A wealth of research shows that if you scratch the surface of an adolescent cigarette smoker, the odds are you'll find someone doing poorly at school; scratch the surface of one who volunteers, the odds are you'll find someone more connected to family and school, and less engaged in high-risk behaviors. The lesson from these studies is that attacking seemingly isolated youth problems makes only limited sense; more comprehensive approaches that get at common roots of problems and successes work more effectively.The social norms around relating to children and youth. Even among adults who think it does take a village to raise all children and youth, there are unspoken rules and expectations that keep them from doing more. They might worry about a family's right to privacy, or perhaps feel ok about saying something if youth are breaking the law, but not so sure about having a conversation with a neighbor teen about sexual or religious values. Maybe they're afraid that taking too much an interest in a young person would be considered suspicious, even evidence they might be a child molester, or maybe they just might think the youth would ignore them or laugh at their interest, and so hold back so as not to look foolish. Some kinds of interactions may be considered ok among adults and children, but not among adults and youth, and vice versa. There has not been much scholarly work done on the specific application of social norms to adults relationships with youth, so it is both an unmined area and one that has tremendous potential to influence consumers to examine the influences in their own lives that encourage and keep them from more involvement with adolescents.How developmental assets like connectedness with school, family, community, and consistency among adult expectations, benefit all youth, but especially disadvantaged adolescents. In providing more coverage of how youth experience these kinds of positive building blocks in their lives, and the ways in which many communities are trying to provide them, reporters will not be ignoring the most seriously disadvantaged youth. In fact, numerous studies (which we summarize in the 1999 Search Institute book, Developmental assets: A synthesis of the research on adolescent development) show that focusing on the positives young people need can have win-win results. All young people benefit from high levels of assets in their lives, but vulnerable youth-those in poverty, those experiencing violence, those left unsupervised too much-gain even more. The importance of the social aspect of schooling. In all the coverage of the standards movement and high stakes testing, there has been scarce little reminder to readers, listeners, or viewers that young people need both care and challenge to succeed in school. So much of what comes out the other end of the school process -- the grades, the test scores -- is not only a product of how ready students are when they come to school (a topic that has been given a great deal of good coverage), but of what goes on in school relationships once they get there, especially for middle and high school students.